How much of a difference does size make?

Last Update: 4th April 2024

Introduction.

My son said I may try his Sony ZV-E1 while he tried my Fuji XT-5. The Sony ZV-E1 uses the same 12MP FF BSI sensor as the Sony A7S III. A camera like this should be tested. I would have liked to include my Fuji XT-5. The test results are exciting and reveal much about what to expect from various cameras. For example, the Sony ZV-E1 pixel area is 5 times larger than the Olympus E-M1 III and almost 20 times larger than the Olympus XZ-2. How much do these pixel area differences impact the IQ of these cameras? What should we look for, and how will you test these cameras?

Sensor Sensitivity is determined by the Optical and Quantum efficiencies of the pixels. That means larger pixels should capture more light and convert more photons into electrons, right? The secret is to study shadow details because more sensitive sensors capture more info in the shadows. How many shadow detail variances do you expect to find between the Sony ZV-E1 and the older Olympus XZ-2? While I am not testing for noise, what do you expect to find between these 2 cameras? Those studying my articles have enough information and knowledge to evaluate these questions.

I included several Olympus cameras in this test. We can learn much from the different pixel areas of these cameras. For example, the pixel area of the Olympus E-1 is 3 times larger than the EM1 III. It is sometimes easier to simulate sensor differences with the equipment you have...

Why do golfers use a handicap? It lets experienced and weaker golfers play competitively. It's safe to say equivalence is often applied like a golf handicap. That means equivalence sets unnecessary restrictions on M43 photographers. Do we need a handicap to evaluate cameras? Each camera is unique and should get a chance to showcase its capabilities. The only variable that should be the same is the test studio. I applied this basic philosophy to the test images further down.

Preparing the Test Studio

The test image had a 4EV variance between the brightest and darkest parts. Each exposure was set at the brightest point with the camera's spot meter. Each sensor's Saturation and SNR levels were 4 stops lower in the shadows. Study the photons to electrons graph in this article for more about sensor saturation and SNR levels. Every digital photographer should know this graph...

Every sensor is technically different. This knowledge helps us to plan our camera tests correctly. One typically focuses on pixel area and not sensor size when evaluating the technical aspects of image sensors. Sensor size only determines the optical characteristics of the camera. I created the following chart to help you study the different pixel areas of the tested cameras.

The chart shows each sensor's megapixels in red. For example, go to the 12MP FF sensor on the horizontal axis and compare its pixel area to the 12MP (1/1.7") sensor on the vertical axis. We can compare all the sensors in this chart. That means we are focussing on pixel area and not size! For example, how much will the Olympus E1 shadow details differ from the Olympus E-M1 III?

Sensor size is a marketing tool used to entice those with little knowledge. It's meaningless and tells us nothing about the sensor. For example, it's more effective to focus on the diagonal measurements of the sensor. The reason is the lens image circle has to cover the complete sensor. This explains the more light "effect" FF enthusiasts rave about or the equivalence factor when comparing the optical differences between M43, APC, and full-frame lens mounts. See the table below.

How should we study these controlled image quality tests on different sensor sizes and pixel areas? To prepare yourself, take a few moments, select a few cameras (pixel areas), and write down what you like to learn from these tests. For example, how many more shadow details do you expect from the 12MP full-frame sensor over the smaller 1/1.7" sensor? Also, study the Fuji X-T5 or Medium Format 100MP sensor and explain why their shadow details could technically be similar to the 20MP Olympus M43 sensor. Why is image noise a potential challenge for these two Fuji cameras..?

Olympus C-770UZ  (4MP) - ISO64, f3.2, 1/160 - OOC JPEG and not edited...

Let's study the different test images...

All the noise filters were off while taking 4 RAW files with each camera. The Olympus RAW files were converted in Workspace with no NR, and I used the Photoshop 2024 Raw Converter with no NR for the rest. I brightened the shadows to reveal the captured details of each camera. All the cameras were optimized to deliver better detail and IQ. One typically expects less visible noise from a saturated sensor with higher SNR values. That said, these test images are all about detail...

The test images are best viewed on a large display. Click on the first image...

What were my camera configurations? I used the 17mm f1.2 lens on my M43 cameras and the 50mm f2 macro lens on my 4/3rds DSLRs. The Canon 6D II had an EF 35mm f2.0 lens, and the Sony ZV-E1 had a 55mm f1.8 Zeiss lens. That means I used my tripod distance to the image to compensate for lower megapixel sensors and the different focal lengths. I used Manual Exposure with an Aperture of f3.5 or f4 on these cameras. I also used the 2s timer and +1EV ETTR on each camera.

I used the same white balance (marker) to convert the raw files.

Conclusion

You don't need an expert to tell you the Olympus XZ-2 and Sony ZV-E1 image results are very similar. For example, I couldn't find 20 times more image details for the Sony. That means the Olympus XZ-2's image details compared well to the Sony ZV-E1 with its 20 times larger pixel areas. The 20-year age difference between some cameras also didn't make a big difference. Finally, less than 100% pixel area differences seem insignificant. That means one can ignore the sensor sensitivity differences between M43 (Live MOS) and APC (Standard CMOS and BSI) sensors. What makes a real difference is knowledge, lens selections, and regularly using Workspace and one's Olympus camera.

I used the Olympus E-M1 II for years and the E-M1 III for +18 months. These are exceptional cameras with excellent IQ, speed, and functionality. The most fascinating part about them is the 20MP Live MOS sensor. I would love to see the specifications Olympus used to find this sensor.

What does one learn from this? We simply can't trust those repeating the same meaningless size and capture phrases. Photographers are rediscovering older cameras and image sensors. For example, the TruePic processors and 16MP sensors used in cameras like E-M1, E-PL9, E-M5 II, and E-M10 II/III deliver excellent results. You will get a better camera by evaluating functionality, speed, application, and form factor. Any camera is a joy in good light with good user experience and knowledge.

Those photographers who make a habit of developing their Enhanced Raw files and Image Editing skills have an advantage. The benefits of improving one's knowledge plus camera and editing skills are remarkable. I often write about the benefits of converting your Olympus Enhanced Raw Files in Workspace. Also, see this video reviewing the Enhanced Raw Format and Workspace.

See this article I did on 12MP versus 100MP printed samples.

Best Siegfried

Advanced Exposure Techniques and Workspace

Last updated:- 17th March 2024

Introduction

I lost my left arm in a motorcar accident and have been on pain medication ever since. It's difficult to say which is worse, losing my left arm or the opioid-based pain medication. My wife and I worked hard to reduce my pain medication, and we reached the point of cutting it completely. Those who followed my blog know how it benefitted me personally and my ability to write better articles.

I bought my first digital camera in 1998, which also started my craving for that perfect digital camera promoted by camera reviewers and social media experts. Breaking free from commercially biased theories, repetition, and the collective social media influence is similar to walking away from addictive medication. I can write a book about these processes and the similarities...

Olympus EM5 II with 25mm f1.4 Leica - ISO800, f3.2, 1/25 - Enhanced Raw File converted in WS. I used my ISO to control the highlights.

I use a simple strategy or rule when studying technical info. I reject any "interesting" information that does not improve my photography. My understanding and articles about digital cameras focus on information that improves the average photographer's image quality. My regular readers appreciate the benefits of marketing free camera knowledge. This is an ongoing learning experience...

The technical aspects of cameras interest me the most. My wife and I enjoy taking photos and using them in different projects. We love photography and regard ourselves as hobby photographers.

Fuji FinePix A201 (2MP) compact camera. ISO100, f4.5, 1/45 seconds. Slightly edited in Photoshop.

My focus in 2024 and onward...

The challenge of learning and growing the MyOlympuOMD blog impacted my recovery positively. I will continue to develop the blog and plan to focus on used Olympus cameras while we are waiting for a real OM-System camera. This includes exploring unique cameras like the Fuji XT-5, the Sony ZV-E1, the Panasonic GM-1, and the EP-7. I also plan to create more YouTube videos in 2024. 

My focus will be the following subjects for this blog and YouTube:

• Videography with basic principles, casual videos, and documentaries
• Digital camera knowledge and techniques improving our photography
• OM Workspace, the Enhanced Raw Format, and general photo editing
• I am planning to write informative articles on older Olympus cameras

My first two videos for 2024

I uploaded 2 YouTube videos over the past 8 days. They give an overview of my articles on exposure and Workspace and will benefit those who prefer watching a video. I will create shorter videos in the future that will focus on specifics. I am working on my sound quality and will have a solution for my next video. Please subscribe to my YouTube channel and post your thoughts in the comments.

A new OM-System Pen F II

Last Update:- 17th February 2023

Introduction.

I invite all Olympus photographers who enjoy creative, color, and monochrome profiles to come and dream with me about an OM-System Pen F II. I discussed my preliminary reasons for a real OM-System camera in my OM-1 II overview. OMS has a unique opportunity to design a Pen F II with an Advanced User Interface following the visionary design achievements of Olympus. While manufacturers did a great job of letting digital cameras feel more analog, the camera's user interface stagnated in the past 15 years. We mainly saw higher resolutions, flippy displays, and different menus.

Digital cameras use a basic display format with numerical Aperture, Shutter, and ISO values. This led to photographers accepting analog exposure techniques like the Exposure Triangle. For example, many digital photographers were told the ISO function adjusts sensor sensitivity. The key points of having a "new" electronic image sensor were never fully explained to digital photographers.

The Olympus SCP was a great idea from the 4/3 DSLR days. Picture source.

It's fascinating how manufacturers never applied the camera's sensor and CPU to assist photographers with advanced Graphical Displays and information like hyperfocal points, Aperture & Shutter speed effects, focus stacking, and flash photography. Modern motorcars are a great example of displaying relevant and processed data to the driver. For example, how often do we increase our ISO without realizing it's possible to gain +1EV by changing the focus and aperture combination? 

The new User Interface should display more processed info from the sensor and TruePix CPU. The Sensor Performance Meter and advanced features, like hyperfocal focus points and a DOF meter, are examples of a future User Interface. It should offer photographers more options for preparing their cameras. Study the article for more about the next generation of OM-System cameras.

The Sensor Performance Meter is based on the following:-

• Redesign the camera display but keep the aperture, shutter, and ISO dials.
• All image sensors have a Noise Floor that is independent of sensor size.
• We have some control over the SNR or the visibility of the Noise Floor.
• Shutter Speed, Aperture, and ISO are part of the Exposure Formula, BUT:
• The Aperture and Shutter control the light reaching (exposing) the sensor.
• The ISO amplifies the image signal, and sensor sensitivity is factory set. 
• We can improve our SNR (Sensor Saturation) by adding more light to the sensor.
• The reverse happens (more image noise) when the sensor receives less light...
• The camera's Auto Exposure (default) settings give us Good Image Quality. (D)
• The synergy between Enhanced Raw Files, OMS cameras, and WS is unbeatable.

Study this article for a more detailed explanation of the DxO "Image Quality Database."

Study this article for more on exposure and how to apply the ISO "Image Brightness."

Olympus photographers benefit most from a new Sensor Performance Meter because it improves the understanding of sensor saturation and image noise. It will also help OM-System to establish a new dynamic amongst photographers and exit the sensor size and autofocus cycle repeating itself with each new camera. See my OM-System OM-1 II overview for more about a new OMS camera...

How do we benefit from working with Sensor Saturation and ISO amplification? Because it's possible to manage the sensor separately from the ISO. This lets us think differently about the ISO, Aperture, and Shutter Speed. It opens new options, like using a saturated sensor to lower the ISO (image brightness) for more control over highlights. The ISO and Workspace EC slider are basically the same thing. That means we can set our final image brightness in Workspace. This is why the Sensor Performance Meter has an A/B display option for the camera. See this article for more...

What could the new OM-System camera be like?

The new OMS camera could be like the Pen F, EP-7, or Fuji X100V with the new User Interface and a low noise, high sensitivity 24MP BSI MOS sensor. The target segment should be street, family, travel, event, and hobby photographers. Focus on creative AI features versus AF AI solutions. The new camera's AF system should be a clever derivative of the EM1 III (OM-5) AF technology.

The focus should be creativity, flexibility, IQ, profiles, and a Workspace App for tablets and Mobiles. Study the unique needs of the target segment with new AI, computational, and creative features.

Here are some suggestions for the new camera:-

• Go back to high-quality metal camera bodies. Pls not like the Pen EP-7.
• Hue and Luminance options for the Color Adjust function in the camera.
• Add the Clarity and Dehaze sliders of Workspace to the camera's menu.
• Create a function that will copy and paste color information in Workspace.
• Rethink the ISO function by expanding its link to the Workspace EC slider.
• This camera should have a high-res EVF and display plus related features.
• The new Sensor Performance Meter simplifies sensor saturation and the ISO.
• A graphical DOF slider and AI focus options to optimize aperture selections.
• Flexible Tonal options (profiles) & AI options to tweak the Gamma Curve.
• Consider the following new AI options:-
• Landscape DOF automation (AI) plus control.
• Unique AI features for street photographers.
• People, family events, and children AI features.
• I am no macro guy. Do they have any AI ideas..?
• Focus AI on applications and NOT autofocusing.
• Build new creative communities to discuss and share info and color profiles.
• The focus should be flexibility, image quality, color, and communication.
• 8EV IBIS, Multi-Aspect Ratios, and super quick handheld 50MP High Ress.
• The TruePic IX or X image processor with social media vertical videos. 
• Design selective improvements for the Workspace video editing function.
• The video capabilities of this camera should be tailored for this segment.
• This is NOT a high-speed Pro Camera for bird and wildlife photographers.
• This should not be another "hybrid" camera. A photo camera with video...
• The simplicity of the Pen EP-7 is perfect. We need just a little more...
• Label this new OM-System camera a Pen-F II to accelerate its success...

Why would "size and capture" fanboys NEVER accept this illustration? Because it doesn't support their "size and capture" theory...

Conclusion

Each digital photographer should get the chance to learn more about digital cameras, especially the link between the image sensor, sensor saturation, SNR, exposure formula, and ISO amplification. In fact, it's disappointing when M43 photographers on YouTube say the analog Exposure Triangle is OK for planning your exposure or the ISO function adjusts sensor sensitivity. I can't help but question the seriousness of those ignoring the unique differences of digital cameras...

A helicopter overview of the Image Signal Path, Exposure Controller, and Workspace. Study this link.

Are you aware of the ongoing "grassroots" and social media action against DxOMark? I studied their camera ratings while prepping my recent article on their Image Quality Database. DxO is receiving overwhelmingly biased reactions from "size and capture" fanboys. Why the animosity? Because DxO does not support or promote the "size and capture" theory like many camera review sites. How do I know that? Study how DxO defines image quality (SNR). Is this why we had no test results on newer cameras from OM-System? My only interest in DxOMark is their IQ database. The last Olympus camera they tested was the Olympus EM1 II. It would be great to have more Olympus cameras tested...

Best

Siegfried

Let's talk about OM-System and the OM-1 II

Last update:- 14th February 2024

Introduction. 

How do you rate the past 3 years with OM-System? For example, do you expect to find engine parts in the Doctor's consulting room or a history lesson in math class? What do you like to see as you walk through the offices at OM-System? How will it compare to the previous Imaging Activity at Olympus? Do you expect to see a proper R&D facility or a marketing office with software experts? Considering the latest deliverables from camera manufacturers like FujiFilm, Sony, Nikon, and Canon, did your experience with or perception of OM-System change over the past 12 months? 

Did AI create a reasonable reality of a typical marketing area for cameras..?

I have no inside knowledge of OM-System or whether their employees prefer Olympus or OM-System cameras. For example, should we view OM-System as a global distributor of photography gear, or do they share similar technology KPIs as the previous Imaging Business from Olympus? Shouldn't that be our top-of-mind awareness as we navigate and review different camera manufacturers?

Why the OM-System label on Olympus cameras?

It's uncomfortable to think of future OM-System products and questions like, why is your priority an OMS label on Olympus products? Didn't you negotiate brand equity and transitions from short-, mid-, to long-term? I also question the 25% premium customers will incur when selling their cameras for the new OM-1 II. Does the new price plus 25% justify the OM1 II  "improvements" and new label?

It reminds me of the iconic Olympus 12-40mm and 40-150mm f2.8 Pro lenses. It took one decision from OM-System to lose 20-30% of its resale value. Why not a simple strategy of adding a premium to the improved dust and splashproof ratings of the "new" OM-System lenses?

I also smiled when I saw the new 150 to 600mm f5.6-6.3 lens. Social media experts couldn't wait to remind us the full-frame version of this Sigma lens is 45% less expensive. Why is the OM-System version more expensive? Did OM-System request a series of obstructions inside the OM-System version because M43 lenses deliver less light to the sensor than FF lenses?😏

Imagine the counter-marketing dollars that will be spent on this beauty...

Why don't FF promoters see the benefits? Because it's time to have a new conversation about sensor formats. Olympus photographers with the EM1 II/III, EM1X, and OM-1s get an equivalent reach of 1200mm at f6.3 and up to 8.5EV camera/lens stabilization. Compare this to FF cameras and the ISOs plus cropping in post-processing to capture wildlife and birds at 1200mm. Chances are they will have more image noise with less than 20MP after cropping to an equivalent M43 view...

Fuji is a strong competitor with a long history in photography...

What about the OM-System 9-18mm f4.0-5.6 MZuiko lens? It's good to inject new life into this lens. However, there must be a reason why it received so much social media criticism. Full-frame competitors seemed OK with a Micro Four Thirds offer for bird and wildlife photography. Loyal "size and capture" consumers seem happy to spend thousands on huge FF lenses. Was the risk higher if FF consumers compared the tiny 9-18mm M43 lens to its full-frame relatives? How does one recognize a fanboy or promoter? They ALL repeat phrases with "cropping" or "it's a Kit" lens...

Study the types of lens elements Olympus used for this absolute gem...

One of the risks OM-System created is a small bird and wildlife segment. While the unique benefits of M43 lenses are undisputed, will the OM-1 II be as popular amongst influencers, events, street, travel, landscape, and portrait photographers? What if OM-System did the anticipated firmware update on the Olympus OM-1? Wouldn't that free their R&D team to design a new OM-System camera? These are valid concerns because traditional M43 or Olympus photographers increasingly purchase full-frame and APC cameras. That simply means OM-System gave other brands a huge opportunity...

Graduated ND filters and the new OM-1 II. Those working with gradients in Photoshop will appreciate my concern. Photographers do not want dark mountain tops, trees, buildings, or strange halos. This is why Adobe created better ways of separating critical objects from the sky. Why not GND filters or bracketing, advanced AI selections, and the final image in the OM-1 or Workspace?

Olympus EM1 III with 12-45mm f4.0 lens - ISO200, f6.3, 1/640. I applied my new Fuji Color Chrome effect to the Enhanced Raw File.

What could a real OM-System camera be like?

OM-System should assume a leading role and exit the sensor size and autofocus cycle. The new OMS camera should be like the Pen F, EP-7, and Fuji X100V with a new User Interface and a 20MP high-sensitivity BSI MOS sensor with the smallest M43 noise floor. The target segment should be street, family, travel, event, and hobby photographers. Focus on creative AI features versus AF AI. The new camera's AF system should be a clever derivative of the EM1 III (OM-5) AF system.

See this article for more about a new OM-System camera.

The focus should be creativity, flexibility, IQ, profiles, and a Workspace App for tablets and Mobiles. Study the unique needs of the target segment with new AI, computational, and creative features. You will be surprised to see which of my articles are most popular and by what margin...

Olympus EM1 II with 12-40mm f2.8 Pro lens - ISO200, f7.1, 1/800. My new Fuji Color and FX-Blue Chrome effect with the Enhanced Raw Format.

There is no reason why OM-System shouldn't excel...

Olympus EM-1 MKI with 60mm f2.8 macro lens - ISO100, f10, 1/50. My new Fuji Color Chrome effect with the Enhanced Raw Format.

Let's talk history and compare older OMDs to the OM-1 II.

Most of the features manufacturers rave about are unused statistics for most. For example, many don't care if the camera does 120fps with C-AF or videos in 6K 10-bit for more than 30 minutes. These features are designed for niche applications like Pro Photographers and Videographers working for corporate clients, and only promoters like reviewers track a bird's eye hiding in the trees.

I posted many examples in the past showcasing the high levels of unique and creative freedoms older OM-D and PEN cameras offer street, hobby, and travel photographers in 2024. Study examples like the EM10 II and EM1 MKI with the Enhanced Raw Format. That's not even mentioning the EM5 II or Pen-F. Just imagine the loyalty OM-System would enjoy if they celebrated the Olympus label.

With the correct pricing, which of the Professional cameras below matches your needs for 2024..?

Olympus OM-D E-M1 MK3

I never considered the MKIII being influenced to think it's a minor upgrade. I used my MKII for +4 years before reacting to a special on the MKIII. What a surprise when I learned just how different it was. It felt like Olympus guarded this BIG surprise until the improved features and IQ of the EM1 III.

I updated this OM-System slide for the Olympus EM1 III.

Olympus OM-1

The Olympus OM-1 was the final building block or R&D achievement of the Olympus Imaging Business. It reminds me of top designs like the EM5s, EM1, EM1 II/III, and Pen-F. It takes an effort to go back in time and remind myself how Canon and Nikon continued to sell DSLRs. Olympus assumed a winning role, became a trendsetter, and achieved fascinating mirrorless results in a DLSR world. 

It took large sums of counter-marketing dollars to smear these achievements.

OM-System used these slides during the launch of the Olympus OM-1 in 2023.

OM-System OM-1 MKII

Should one expect similar functional and IQ gains as the previous EM1 III? You won't find honest and factual information about the OM-1 II on social media. For example, I am so grateful that all my Oly lenses are "good copies."😏 According to social media experts, having 3 Olympus lenses without one flawed copy is nearly impossible. Guess what the first OM-1 II AF videos will be like? 

This is one of the best video presentations on the OM-1 II. It's in German but worth watching for our English-speaking friends because the presenter used OM-System slides. The OM-1 II improvements might be similar to the Olympus EM1 III in overall performance and Image Quality..?

This is the slide OM-System Ambassadors used for the OM-1 II launch.

Conclusion

One of the more troubling changes in the past years is dishonest marketing. This has become one of the most rewarding research activities for those seeking accurate info. How should one navigate this landscape? The best option is to question social media statements, learn more about the subject, and create personal references like testing products before buying them.

All the above slides are copies except for the EM1 III slide. I created it for this article. This OM-1 II presentation (12:15) from OMS showed 7EV IBIS for the OM-1. The original slide from 2023 shows 8EV. Here is the original 2023 OM-System video (3.54). The OM-1 specs confirmed 8EV...

Best Regards

Siegfried

How to read the DxOMark Image Quality database

Last updated:- 19st April 2024

DxOMark has been in the image quality business since 2003. They empower photographers with good information and knowledge, helping them make informed and autonomous decisions. They translated this goal into a unique Image Quality Database, which many photographers use to learn more about their cameras. The test data also enable photographers to use their cameras more efficiently. 

Did you know DxOMark does not support the "size and capture" theory? It's exciting to discover how they use a theoretical model to test, evaluate, and present their test data on camera sensors.

Please visit DxOMark.com and demonstrate your support by liking my EM1 II conversation with DxO. Add comments and ask DxO for updates on the EM1 III, EM1X, EP-7, EM10 IV, and OM-1.

Note:- The Olympus EP-3, EM5 II, and G11 images were done for this article...

Do all 16MP and 20MP Olympus cameras have Good Image Quality?

                                                                                                                        Source:- DxOMARK

The challenge with finding a new camera is repetitive expert opinions and commercial bias. Accurate information became a rare marketing quality in 2023/2024. For example, many photographers see no or little IQ benefits when they "upgrade" to a new camera or format? It is, therefore, comforting to know that DxOMark uses its own scientists and camera test engineers.

With a small camera portfolio, DxOMark became one of only a few companies using a theoretical test procedure for Camera Sensors and IQ. With almost 400 tested cameras since 2012, they created one of the most reliable test results (databases) for camera sensors, lenses, and image quality.

Olympus EP-7 with 17mm f1.8 lens, ISO200, f7.1, 1/800 - Raw file converted and edited in Workspace.

We are focussing on the DxOMark Image Quality database. While relevant, the DxO database does not include data on computational features, size/weight comparisons, auto-focussing, or the practical aspects of using the camera or lens. For example, I always enjoyed my Olympus EM1 II, but the EM1 MKIII supercharged my passion for Olympus and computational photography.

I tested the impact Pixel Area has on 15 cameras in this article...

Olympus EP-3 with Lumix 20mm f1.7 lens, ISO200, f5, 1/500 - Raw converted and edited in WS. This is the EP3 "OOC" jpeg look.

This article reviews the test results DxOMark published over the past 11 years. These test results can be found in the sensor (image quality) database at DxOMark. I also included a short example of using these test results and how they benefit M43 photographers. Finally, I added an example of preparing any camera for "acceptable image quality" and what that looks like in real life.

See this DxO article discussing the challenges of designing mirrorless camera sensors...

Olympus EM1 II

How should we interpret the above DxO Scorecard? DxO publishes a scorecard on its website for each tested camera. The scorecard includes an Overall Test Score, Color Depth in Portrait mode, Dynamic Range in landscape mode, and Low Light ISO performance in Sport mode. The summary markers (below) apply to the overall score plus the 3 applications DxOMark reviews. 

Also, study the summary notes from DxO in blue:-

Overall Score

• The DxO tests are done at the camera's base ISO and using a logarithmic scale.
• They measure sensor sensitivity, color depth, and the sensor's noise floor.
• The difference in sensor sensitivity is 0.3EV for every 5 points.

Portrait

• The higher the color sensitivity, the more color nuances can be distinguished.
• A 22 Color Depth means the sensor or camera is an excellent performer.
• Anything less than 1 point between 2 cameras is insignificant.

Landscape

• DxO regards a dynamic range of 12EV as sufficient (excellent).
• There is no significant DR variance between the EM1 II and 13.3EV.
• A 0.5EV difference between cameras can be regarded as insignificant.

Sports

• DxO measures the sensor's Saturation and SNR (logarithmic) at the camera's base ISO.
• The Low Light ISO rating is set at an SNR of 30db, a DR of 9EV, and an 18-color depth.
• With a linear progression on M43 sensors, an estimated OM-1 Low-Light ISO is +2000 *.
• Considering the GH5 & GH5 II, how much did the EM1 III and EM1X improve (+1600)?
• A Low Light ISO difference of 25% is the same as 0.3EV and only slightly visible.

* Why did I up my estimated OM-1 low-light ISO rating from 1867 (calc.) to +2000? The BSI sensor is more sensitive than Live MOS sensors, plus several TruePic X efficiency improvements. See this link for a more detailed description of the above DxO test procedures.

Photographed with the 40MP Fuji XT-5. Did you know the XT-5's pixel area is less than the EM1 III?

The DxOMark sensor database has several benefits for photographers. For example, the theoretical principles discussed in my articles reflect the theoretical model DxO uses to test camera sensors. A theoretical model says each sensor has a unique Noise Floor while highlighting the importance of Sensor Sensitivity, Saturation, and SNR as indicators to monitor sensor performance... 

The illustration below explains image sensors, saturation, and SNR (noise).

Figure 1.

What do we learn from the DxOMark database? Image sensors are better in 2023, and no 2 sensors are technically similar. The DxOMark database shows that the practical differences between sensors are tiny, and each image sensor is unique from a design or technical aspect. The DxOMark test results also showcase the improvements sensor manufacturers achieved in the past 20 years. 

Study this link.

How to use DxOMark to Compare two cameras. The following example teaches us how to interpret the DxO test database or how we create a visual reference for Acceptable Image Quality. I used the Olympus EM1 II and Canon R because they represent Pro cameras from 2016 to 2018.

The Canon R and the Olympus EM1 II.

DxOMark uses two "Image Quality" benchmarks for digital cameras. The first is what they define as Good Image Quality, and the second is Acceptable Image Quality. Good image quality means a color depth of 22, a dynamic range of 12EV, and a saturated sensor (+30db SNR) at base ISO. Each of the three variables has to be within the specified range for a camera to have good image quality.

What do we learn from the Sports Low-Light ISO? Many "experts" mistakenly suggest this category determines the camera's ability to use high ISOs. This category only specifies Acceptable Image Quality. That means the ISO (amplification) and specific exposure at the sensor to saturate the sensor with an SNR of 30dB, a Color Depth of 18, and a DR of 9EV. Study Figure 1 and this article.

Acceptable image quality is helpful because it shows us more about the sensor's exposure behavior. Do the following test to get a feel for what acceptable image quality looks like with an EM1 II:-

• Find a similar scene to the above EP-3 photo and take an image in A-Mode at ISO400.
• Increase the ISO to 1250 (1312) and take another photo. Inspect your Raw File in WS.

Olympus EP-3 with Lumix 20mm f1.7 lens - ISO200, f5, 1/800. Raw file converted and edited in Workspace. EP-3 "OOC" jpeg look.

Acceptable IQ does not imply we shouldn't use higher ISOs. This DxOMark rating says that any ISO value above 1312 (EM1 II) will underexpose the sensor, which reduces the color depth, DR, and SNR. We discussed sensor Saturation and SNR in these articles. Those studying my articles should be able to optimize any camera at higher ISOs. For example, we can increase (ETTR) the EM1 II/III exposure by up to 1EV. We can also explain why, plus manage visible image noise (Sony A7R4).

Sony A7R4 with FE 24-70mm f2.8 lens. (ISO3200, f7.1, 1/800) The A7R4 had Acceptable Image Quality and visible shadow noise at ISO3200.

What's the main advantage of using a Canon R? Let's say we like to capture a Grey Heron bird in flight (4th image above). That means upping the ISO by 3EV to ISO1600 for an increased shutter speed of 1/4000. The Canon R is within its sport (low light) range at ISO1600 with more than acceptable image quality. The EM1 II will deliver acceptable image quality with an ETTR of +1/2EV. One could also get the +0.5EV by increasing the aperture and ISO800 (similar DOF). Another parameter not included in the DxOMark scorecard is the AI noise reduction from Workspace. The mistake many make is the practical aspects of applying and using M43 versus full-frame cameras. 

Olympus EM5 II (one of the best) with the 12-35mm f2.8 Lumix Lens. ISO200, f5, 1/500 - Raw file converted in Workspace.

Is the visible noise the same for different cameras? An SNR of 30db does not mean the structure of the noise floor is identical for any two sensors. The visible part of the sensor's noise floor is different for the Olympus EM1 II and the Canon R. The reason is the sensor's noise floor is a function of sensor design and not sensor size. Take a few minutes to study the illustration in Fig 1.

Olympus EP-3 with Lumix 20mm f1.7 Lens - ISO200, f5, 1/640. Raw file converted and edited in WS. This is the EP-3 "OOC" jpeg look.

How does one apply the Overall DxO Rating? One of the most critical IQ variables in sensor design is Sensor Sensitivity. The sensor's sensitivity depends on its Optical and Quantum efficiencies plus its Pixel Area. For example, Live MOS, BSI, and low pixel count sensors are Optically more efficient than higher MP or Standard CMOS sensors. See my articles for more info on sensor sensitivity.

Why is it incorrect to say the ISO adjusts sensor sensitivity? The native sensitivity of the sensor is measured and adjusted at the factory. This means the sensor is calibrated for digital cameras as it leaves the factory. Size and capture advocates like to provoke meaningless discussions about the ISO offsets in the DxOMark database. The ISO standard states that the image brightness should double or half at every full-stop ISO adjustment (amplification). Nothing more or less...

EP-3 with Lumix 20mm f1.7 - ISO200, f5, 1/640. Raw file edited in WS. (>Acceptable IQ, Color Depth 20,8, DR 10.1EV, Low light 536)

Conclusion.

One of the most fascinating DxOMark test results is good Image Quality. This implies a color Depth of 22, a DR of 12EV, and an SNR of +30db (saturated sensor) at ISO200. DxOMark data shows that all the 16MP and 20MP cameras from Olympus have Good Image Quality, and the Olympus 10MP and 12MP cameras have more than acceptable Image Quality. Olympus cameras are some of the most exciting and cost-effective photography solutions for family, nature, and street photography.

The tiny IQ differences between M43 and APC sensors are also fascinating. For example, study the Olympus E-M5 versus the Canon 700D or the EM5 II versus the Canon 760D. Research the different sensor types in digital cameras, ie. BSI versus Live MOS or Standard CMOS. Most APC and Canon cameras have Standard CMOS sensors. The DxOMark database also highlights the theoretical inconsistencies in the "size and capture" theory. Finally, it's difficult to speculate why DxOMark failed to test the Panasonic GH5S, G9, and GH6 or the Olympus EM1X, EM1 III, or OM-1.

I trust you know why one can't say cameras have a Noise Floor, Saturation capacity, and Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) and simultaneously promote the idea that large sensors have less noise because they "capture" more light (commercial size and capture theory). This explains the animosity towards DxO and the ongoing critique of any DxOMark test results.

Canon G11 IS (10MP CCD), Raw file in PS, ISO80, f4.5, 1/250. (>Acceptable IQ, Color Depth 20,4, DR 11.1EV)

One of the biggest mistakes the "experts" make about M43 cameras is claiming two or more 16MP and 20MP cameras have the same Image Quality. The IQ characteristics of all cameras change with each sensor and Image Processor variation. For example, the various Live MOS sensors and TruePic VII, VIII, IX, and X combos offer meaningful IQ and performance variances.

What are the 5 additional reports DxOMark could add to its database:-

• Basic sensor info - readout speed, AST, and DR.
• Info about the sensor's noise floor, like size and types.
• Create a test criteria to test & evaluate Image Processors.
• Test & present the main benefits of using different sensor types.
• The safety margin (ETTR gap) manufacturers apply at "100%" exposure.

See this article from DxOMark on sensor size and mobile phones - link.

All the best and God's Bless...

Siegfried